Evaluation of antipsychotic effect of methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves on laboratory animals.

Ocimum sanctum (Lamiaceae) commonly known as tulsi, is well known for its excellent nutritional and medicinal values throughout the world. The present study was undertaken to test the effect of methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves (50, 100 and 200mg/kg, p.o) on psychosis employing Ketamine induced stereotypic behaviour in mice and Pole climbing avoidance in rats. Haloperidol (1mg/kg, i.p.) and Olanzapine (5mg/kg, i.p.) are established antipsychotic drugs used as standard drugs in the present study. Effect of methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves (OS), on brain dopamine levels was also estimated. Methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves (50, 100 and 200mg/kg, p.o), significantly reduced the Ketamine induced falling, weaving, head bobbing and turning behavior in mice. Furthermore, it significantly delayed the latency time taken by the rats to climb the pole. Haloperidol (1mg/kg; i.p.) and Olanzapine (5mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the Ketamine induced stereotypic behavior in mice and condition avoidance behavior in rats. Interestingly, Brain dopamine level was significantly reduced by methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves. These findings, when taken together indicate that methanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves possesses anti-psychotic like property.

Dapagliflozin: a new adjunct in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) Type 2 is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. The classic symptoms are excess thirst, frequent urination, and constant hunger. Management of Type 2 diabetes focuses on lifestyle interventions, lowering other cardiovascular risk factors, and maintaining blood glucose levels in the normal range. There are several classes of anti-diabetic medications available and these include sulfonylureas, nonsulfonylurea secretagogues, alpha glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Recently, dapagliflozin (Farxiga™), a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor has been approved by Food and Drug Administration as an adjunct to diet and exercises to improve glycemic control in adults with Type 2 DM.

Evaluation of the antiamnesic effects of Phyllanthus amarus in mice / Evaluación de los efectos antiamnésicos de Phyllanthus amarus en ratones

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a gradual decline in memory. Phyllanhus amarus is commonly known as bhumi amla in India and is traditionally used since centuries in ayurveda medicine. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of Phyllanhus amarus (PA) on cognitive functions and brain cholinesterase activity in mice. Elevated plus maze and passive avoidance paradigm were employed to evaluate learning and memory parameters. Three doses (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) of aqueous extract of PA were administered for 8 successive days to both young and aged mice. PA (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent improvement in memory scores of young and older mice. PA also reversed successfully the amnesia induced by scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.) and diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Interestingly, brain acetyl cholinesterase activity was also reduced. The underlying mechanism of action for the observed nootropic effect may be attributed to pro-cholinergic activity exhibited by PA in the present study. Therefore, it would be worthwhile to explore the therapeutic potential of PA in the management of patients with cognitive disorders.

La enfermedad de Alzheimer es un desorden neuro-degenerativo progresivo que se caracteriza por una disminución gradual de la memoria. El Phyllanhus amarus (PA), se conoce comúnmente como bhumi amla en la India, y tradicionalmente se ha usado durante siglos en la medicina ayurvédica con diversas indicaciones. Este estudio se hizo para investigar los efectos del PA en las funciones cognitivas y en la actividad de la colinesterasa cerebral. Se emplearon las pruebas de laberinto complejo y el paradigma de evitación pasiva a fin de evaluar los parámetros de memoria y aprendizaje. Se administraron tres dosis (50, 100 y 200 mg/kg vía oral) de extracto acuoso de PA durante 8 días sucesivos, tanto a ratones jóvenes como adultos. El PA (50, 100 y 200 mg/kg) produjo una mejoría que depende de la dosis en los puntajes de memoria en los ratones jóvenes y en los adultos. EL PA también revirtió con éxito la amnesia inducida por escopolamina (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.) y diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.). Es de interés anotar que asimismo disminuyó la actividad de la acetil colinesterasa cerebral. El mecanismo de acción subyacente para el efecto nootrópico observado se puede atribuir a la actividad pro-colinesterasa demostrada en el presente estudio. Por tanto, se justificaría explorar el potencial terapéutico del PA en el manejo de pacientes con desórdenes cognitivos.

Evaluation of nootropic potential of Ocimum sanctum Linn. in mice.

Dementia is one of the age related mental problems and a characteristic symptom of various neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. Certain drugs like diazepam, barbiturates and alcohol disrupt learning and memory in animals and man. However, a new class of drugs known as nootropic agents is now used in situations where there is organic disorder in learning abilities. The present work was undertaken to assess the potential of O. sanctum extract as a nootropic and anti-amnesic agent in mice. Aqueous extract of dried whole plant of O. sanctum ameliorated the amnesic effect of scopolamine (0.4 mg/kg), diazepam (1 mg/kg) and aging induced memory deficits in mice. Elevated plus maze and passive avoidance paradigm served as the exteroceptive behavioral models. O. sanctum extract decreased transfer latency and increased step down latency, when compared to control (piracetam treated), scopolamine and aged groups of mice significantly. O. sanctum preparations could of beneficial in the treatment of cognitive disorders such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease.

Sildenafil improves acquisition and retention of memory in mice.

Sildenafil (Viagra) has been introduced recently in market to correct male impotency and has gained immense popularity for its dramatic effects all over the world. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of sildenafil on learning and memory in mice using elevated plus maze. A total of XV groups of animals were employed in the present study. Central cholinergic pathways play a crucial role in learning and memory processes. Physostigmine, an anticholinesterase agent (0.5 mg, 1.0 mg kg(-1), i.p) was employed for its memory enhancing property and alprazolam a benzodiazepine receptor agonist served as a memory-impairing agent. In the present study, alprazolam produced anterograde amnesia (at 0.5 mg kg(-1), i.p) and retrograde amnesia (at 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.75 mg kg(-1), i.p.) in separate groups of animals. Caffeine at 5 mg, 10 mg and 20 mg kg(-1), i.p. (an established psychostimulant) did not show any significant change in learning and memory of mice. Sildenafil (at 8 mg kg(-1), i.p.) administered 30 minutes prior to training on first day produced a marginal decrease in transfer latency time on first day; whereas, sildenafil (at 2 mg, 4 mg, 8 mg kg(-1), i.p.) administered immediately after training on first day produced a dose-dependent improvement of memory in mice. However, further studies need to be carried out to elucidate the underlying mechanism of sildenafil as a memory enhancer.